Historical notes     Cavalerie de ligne Cuirassiers Dragoons Uhlans

Russian infantry 1763-1815

With the succession of Catherine II (the Great) to the throne, the naming of the regiments after their commanders established by Peter III was abandoned and they were once again named after the cities and provinces. In the line, the 1st through 4th Grenadiers were reconstituted and the Regiments of the Observation Corps were dissolved.
On 14 January 1763 the organization of the Russian infantry was modified such that each grenadier and musketeer regiment now contained a staff and two battalions, each battalion having six companies. In the grenadiers, all six companies were grenadiers. In the musketeer each battalion had five musketeer companies and one grenadier company. In addition, each regiment had a regimental artillery company attached to it, a section of skirmishers, and a musical staff.
On 10 April 1786 the infantry was reorganized. The grenadier and musketeer regiments were now formed with four battalions each, though some musketeer regiments continued in the old organization. There was a structural reorganization that accompanied this reorganization.
The infantry of the Russian army consisted of four grenadier regiments (1st-4th Grenadiers) and 45 musketeer regiments. In addition, there were 18 of garrison or frontier regiments, four garrison battalions and 30 interior regiments.

It was during this period that the Russian infantry was organized into seven larger formations, or "divisions."

• Lithuania Division
• Moscow Division
• Estonia Division
• Sevesk Division
• Smolensk Division
• Finland Division
• St. Petersburg Division

On 13 December 1765 a light infantry section was formed in the regiments of the Lithuanian, Estonian, Finland and Smolensk Divisions. This extended to the other infantry regiments, when on 13 November 1769, light infantry sections were raised in the rest of the infantry regiments.
On 16 January 1769 the militia infantry regiments were congreened into 14 musketeer regiments. The next group of new regiments was formed on 16 January 1775, four more musketeer regiments were raised.
On 14 January 1785 when the several grenadier regiments changed names and seven musketeer regiments were congreened into grenadiers.
On 20 October 1786 a number of changes occurred in the Russian army. First, the number of grenadier regiments was raised to twelve. A the same time the two musketeer regiments were disbanded. In addition the Kuban, Lithuania, Tavrichesk, and Finland Jager Corps were organized, each one having four battalions. This period was marked by several more formations and disbandings, which cannot be discussed in detail.
In 1787 the Ekaterinoslav Jager Corps was organized from the 1st and 2nd Tchernomor Campaign Battalions. On 24 August 1788, the Estonian Jager Corps was raised.
With the partitioning of Poland Russia absorbed some of the former Polish infantry regiments. On 6 May 1793 these former Polish regiments became the Ovroutch and Izialav Infantry Regiments. The Polish formations were disbanded in 1794 because of the pending war with Poland and their unreliability.
Between 1763 and 1795 the Russian infantry establishment developed as indicated in the following table:

On 29 November 1796 by a massive reorganization of the Russian infantry. All of the Jager Corps and the independent Jager battalions were disbanded and used to form the 1st through 20th Jager Battalions. The other campaign battalions were also disbanded and used to form the six new musketeer regiments.
The Leib Grenadier Regiment was restructured on 16 January 1797. It was reformed with four battalions, each with five companies.
The 1st through 20th Jager Battalions were expanded to be two battalions each and redesignated as regiments on 17 May 1797.
On 31 October 1798 Czar Paul issued a decree that all the regiments of his army change their names from the various districts and regions in which they were formed to the name of their commanding officer. A few regiments had implemented this name change prior to the issuance of this decree, which standardized the practice. The process of changing the names back to the regional names occurred with the ascension of Alexander I to the throne. This change, however, was not completed with a single act, but was slowly implemented over a few years. A complete list of these changes is provided in Appendix II. For the campaigns of the Second Coalition, the regiments fought under these unaccustomed names.
On 12 March 1801 the Russian line grenadiers consisted of:

• Leib Grenadiers - 4 Battalions
• Astrakhan Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Ekaterinoslav Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Kavkaz Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Kiev Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Moscow Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Pavlov Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• St. Petersburg Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Siberia Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Tvariche Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Fangoria Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Kherson Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies
• Malorusski Grenadiers - 2 Battalions & 2 Wing Companies

On 12 March 1801 the Russian line infantry regiments were formed with two musketeer battalions and 2 grenadier companies of:

Shortly later eight of these regiments changed their names. In addition, there were 19 Jager Regiments, numbered 2 to 20. They were shortly renumbered 1 to 19. In 1801 the Russian infantry regiments were organized with two battalions each, but on 30 April 1802, this organization was altered and the infantry regiments raised their strength to three battalions each. There were three different types of line infantry regiments: grenadiers, musketeers (called infantry after 1811) and jagers.
On 30 April 1802 the organization of the infantry regiments was changed again. The Leib Grenadiers were reduced to three grenadier battalions. The other grenadier regiments were restructured with one grenadier and two fusilier battalions. The musketeer regiments were restructured with one grenadier and two musketeer battalions and the jager regiments were restructured with three jager battalions. All battalions still had four companies. Each company had four officers and 195 men. A battalion was organized with two senior officers, 18 subaltarns, 781 men, 34 non-combatants and 31 officer's servants. The strength of the Russian infantry was as follows between 1803 and 1812:

During the period between 1804 and 1812 the line regiments were known by the province or state in which they were raised. This area was known as the regiment's "Inspection." There was no permanent military field organization larger than that of the regiment, the inspection being a purely administrative organization that saw to recruit training and garrison duties. Between 1802 and 1808 fifty one new regiments raised.
In 1810 it was realized that significant changes were necessary and Barclay de Tolly, the Minister of War, wrote to the Czar proposing a regimental reorganization. He noted that a quarter of the men in each regiment were grenadiers, but that it was in name and uniform only. He clearly stated that there was noting elite about them. He went on to propose that the number of grenadiers in each regiment be reduced to one eighth of the regiment's strength. By so doing, Barclay hoped to restore some of the "eliteness" to their ranks.
Barclay also noted that the use of voltigeurs drawn from the third rank was not a satisfactory solution to the need for skirmishers to cover the line infantry. He proposed that an eighth of the battalion be designated as tirailleurs (the French term for skirmishers).
Barclay's reorganizational proposals continued, proposing that each regiment be reorganized with three battalions. Each of these battalions was to have four companies, as before, but one was to be designated as an elite company and was to consist of grenadier and tirailleur sections as he proposed earlier.
In the grenadier battalions and musketeer battalions the elite company was entitled the "grenadier company", but in the jager regiments it was known as the carabinier company. This elite company was broken into two platoons, being the "grenadier platoon" on the right and the "tirailleur platoon" on the left.
The remaining companies in the grenadier battalion were known as "fusilier companies", in the infantry they were known as "musketeers", and in the jagers they were known as "jagers".
Barclay de Tolly's letter of 12 October 1810 goes on to suggest that the grenadier companies of the depot or 2nd Battalion should not be permitted to remain in the depot, but that they should be stripped out and formed into brigades under the command of the most distinguished brigadier of the division. It was Barclay's intention that these brigades be used to form the army's reserve.
After the Czar reviewed his minister's letter, all of these recommendations were enacted and the first major change of the Russian army organization on the regimental level since 1802 occurred. It was, as can be imagined, a sweeping change.
On 12 October 1810 the composition of the Russian infantry changed again. The Leib-Grenadier Regiment was reorganized into three grenadier battalions, each with four companies of grenadiers. The other grenadier regiments were reorganized with grenadier battalions each with one grenadier and three fusilier companies. The musketeer regiments were reorganized with three musketeer battalions, each battalion having one grenadier and three musketeer companies. The jager regiments were reorganized with three jager battalions, each with one grenadier and three jager companies. Each grenadier company had one platoon of grenadiers and one of tirailleurs (skirmishers). During wartime the 2nd Battalion of each regiment remained at the depot and served as the depot battalion, training replacements and sending them forward to the front. The grenadier companies of the six divisional depot battalions were, however, stripped out and organized into two converged grenadier battalions, each of three companies, and sent forward to join the army.
On 19 October 1810 there was a reorganization of musketeer regiments into jager regiments. This reorganization formed the 33rd through 46th Jagers.
Further changes were to come. In a letter dated 16 January 1811 Barclay de Tolly proposed that the army's strength be augmented by absorbing some of the garrison companies that were scattered throughout the country. The numbers and names of these battalions to be affected by this change and the regiments that were raised are shown in Appendix XIII.
It was Barclay's intention to take only three of the four companies from the garrison battalion and leave the fourth to handle the men who would not be fit enough for duty in the field. This process, when enacted, stripped out 156 companies and organized 39 battalions, which became 13 new regiments.
On 22 November 1811 most of the infantry regiments raised a 4th battalion, known as the reserve battalion.
In early 1812 Barclay's reform where the regiment designated the 1st and 3rd Battalions as field battalions, and the 2nd Battalion as the depot, was put into effect. This system was not applied to the Guard Infantry Regiments, nor to the regiments stationed in Finland, in Georgia and the Caucasus, or the divisions facing the Turkish army.
On 1 May 1812, 12 new Reserve infantry regiments were raised from recruits in six depot cities. On 27 June 1812, using recruit depots six reserve infantry regiments were raised. All of these regiments were disbanded by 26 October 1812, having been used to provide replacements to the infantry regiments of the Russian Main Army.
On 11 July 1813 seven new regiments were raised from the reserve and depot battalions of the 8th, 10th, 12th, and 22nd Divisions. On 4 November 1813 the four new infantry regiments were congreened to Jager regiments. On 3 April 1814 the 1st, 3rd, 8th, 14th, 26th, and 29th Jagers were congreened into Jager-Grenadier Regiments. On 7 October 1814 the Kexholm Grenadiers were renamed the Emperor of Austria Grenadiers and the St. Petersburg Grenadiers became the King of Prussia Grenadiers. On 30 August 1815 the 1st, 3rd, 8th, 14th, 26th, and 29th Jager-Grenadier Regiments were redesignated as the 1st through 6th Carabinier Regiments. The 20th, 21st and 51st through 56th Jagers were renumbered to fill in the now missing numbers.
The changes in the infantry organization between 1801 and 1815 were as follows:

top

Russian cavalry 1763-1815

When Catherine II (the Great) ascended the throne the Cuirassier Regiment, organized under Peter III, was transformed back into the Grenadiers … Cheval Regiment. This did not last long, for on 14 January 1763, the Grenadiers … Cheval, as well as the sixteen dragoon regiments were reorganized as carabiniers.
At this time the cavalry consisted of five cuirassier regiments, 18 carabinier regiments, 7 dragoon regiments, 7 field hussar regiments and 6 territorial or sedentary hussar regiments.
In addition to the line cavalry there were seven garrison dragoon regiments and the Moscow and Roslav Forces Garrison Dragoon Squadrons.
In the Ukraine there was a cavalry militia formed by twenty-three horse regiments.
On 13 May 1764 the garrison dragoon regiments were congreened into line dragoon regiments. On 16 January 1769 the Militia Horse Regiments became line dragoon regiments. From 1769 to 1793 there were a large number for egimental disbandings. On 9 February 1784 ten light horse regiments were congreened into carabiniers.
On 6 May 1793 former Polish regiments became the Boug, Konstantinov, Jimomir and Vinnitzk Chevau-l‚ger Regiments. In addition, others became the Bratzlavskaia, Dniestrovskaia, Volynskaia and Dnieprovskaia National Cavalry Brigades. These Polish formations were disbanded in 1794.
In 1796 the Chevau-leger, Chasseur and Carabinier Regiments in the Russian army disappeared. At the same time the cuirassier and dragoon regiments were set at five squadrons and the hussars were set at ten squadrons.
The Tartar Lithuanian Light Horse Regiment was raised on 9 June 1796. It had a strength of ten squadrons. The Polish Light Horse Regiment was raised on 26 June 1797 and it also had ten squadrons. On 31 October 1798, all the regiments had their names changed to that of their commanders.
On 3 April 1800 three new, 10 squadron dragoon regiments were formed by joining two older regiments. On 30 March 1801 these same three dragoon regiments were recongreened back into six dragoon regiments, each with five squadrons, and their original names were restored. On 31 March 1801 all cavalry regiments the use of the regimental colonel's name to identify the regiment was abandoned and previous names were restored.
On 31 July 1801 nine cuirassier were congreened into dragoon regiments. On 30 April 1802 the cavalry underwent a major structural reorganization, where the cuirassier and dragoon regiments were organized with five squadrons and the hussar regiments with ten squadrons. On 29 March 1803 the Lithuanian-Tatar Horse Regiment was divided into the Lithuanian Horse and the Tatar Horse Regiments, each of five squadrons. The Polish Horse Regiment still had ten squadrons. All three regiments were armed with the lance. Between 1803 and 1811 twenty-four new cavalry regiments were raised.
On 11 September 1803 the Odessa Hussar Regiment was redesignated as the Grand Duke Constantine Uhlan Regiment. This was the first time the term "uhlan" was used in the Russian army. Prior to 1803 there were only two horse regiments armed with lances, the Polish and Lithuanian-Tatar. In November 1807, the following Light Horse Regiments: Polish, Lithuanian, Tatar and Volhynia were renamed Uhlan regiments.
On 17 December 1803 a depot half squadron was created for the cuirassier and dragoon regiments. A depot squadron was created for the Hussar and Uhlan regiments. Those dragoon regiments stationed in the Caucasus, Orenburg, and Siberia Inspections were not included in this order. Dragoon regiments raised in 1805 had the half squadron depot included. Those regiments raised in 1806 had the appropriate depot units assigned. Eventually all regiments had the depot units assigned.
On 18 October 1809 the uhlan regiments were all reorganized into regiments with ten squadrons and a depot squadron. On 12 December 1809 the Grand Duke Constantine Uhlans passed into the Guard. His ten squadron regiment was broken into two five squadron regiments, becoming the Guard Uhlan Regiment and the Guard Dragoon Regiment.
When Barclay de Tolly was Minister of War he sent a proposal to the Czar. In it he suggested that a change to the organization of the cavalry regiments was necessary. He suggested that the men and horses in the depot demi-squadrons or squadrons be redistributed to the active squadrons. This would raise the strength of each line regiment by 15 underofficers, 47 men and 36 horses, and each Guard regiment by 25 men.
His proposal was that in wartime the cuirassier and dragoon regiments should detach one squadron and that the hussar and uhlan regiments would detach two squadrons to serve as depots. These changes were subsequently adopted as on 8 November 1810, a reply from the Czar approved these changes. The depot squadrons and half squadrons were disbanded. One or two active squadrons was then designated to serve as the depot in case of war.
Towards the end of 1812 the Russians realized the need for more light cavalry. On 17 December 1812 there was a reorganization of the Russian cavalry. The number of dragoon regiments was reduced when two regiments, Pskov and Starodoub, were congreened to cuirassier regiments. Seven more dragoon regiments; Vladimir, Jitomir, Orenburg, Serpoukhov, Siberia, Taganrog, and Iamburg were congreened into uhlan regiments. Regiments of chasseurs … cheval which had first been raised in 1786 by Catherine the Great, had been disbanded by Paul I. Now eight regiments were raised by congreening the following dragoon regiments; Arzamass, Dorpat, Livonia, Nejinsk, Pereiaslav, Seversk, Tiraspol, and Tchernigov. At the same time the Irkoutsk Dragoon Regiment and the Moscow Hussar Militia Regiment were merged to form the Irkoutsk Hussar Regiment.
On 27 December 1812 the regiments of cuirassiers, dragoons, hussars, chasseurs, and uhlans were all reorganized so that all consisted of six squadrons and a depot squadron. A new divisional organization for the cavalry was created. On 13 April 1813 the Emperor Leib Cuirassier Regiment was transferred to the Guard. In 1814 the Order Cuirassier Regiment was again redesignated the Military Order Cuirassier Regiment. On 27 August 1815 the Borisogleb Dragoon Regiment became the Gendarmes Regiment. On 30 August 1815 the Zitomir Uhlans was renamed the Borisogleb Uhlans.
The cavalry was first assigned to the Inspections, and had no permanent organization in the field. In 1806 when the infantry divisions were organized, usually three cavalry regiments were attached to each division. As further divisions were created more cavalry regiments were raised and assigned.
On 28 October 1810 the cavalry was first organized into standing brigades and divisions. Although in divisions many regiments were detached to infantry divisions for duty. On 12 October 1811 all cavalry regiments were assigned by cavalry brigades to cavalry divisions, or independent cavalry brigades. This order established the 1st and 2nd Cuirassier Divisions (4 regiments each) and the 1st - 7th Cavalry Divisions (6 regiments of dragoons, hussars and uhlans each). The 8th Cavalry Division was organized on 2 May 1812.
On 22 November 1811 reserve cavalry squadrons were created for all cuirassier and dragoon regiments, becoming the sixth squadron of each regiment. The hussar and uhlan regiments each received two reserve squadrons, becoming the eleventh and twelfth squadrons of each regiment. Only the Astrakhan and Novgorod Cuirassier Regiments and the Tchougouiev Uhlan Regiment were exempt from this order.

This information is extracted from a small portion of two volumes written by George F. Nafziger and provided by him for use here. If you are interested in the complete work, it available from him at his home page http://www.infinet.com/~nafziger/

What is presented here has had almost all references to individual, specific regiments deleted. What is presented here is less than 5% of the original works.

THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN ARMY, 1763-1815
Vol I - Infantry, Mixed Units, Legions, Marines, Engineers, Pioneers, Sappers & Opolochenie
Vol II - Cavalry, Cossacks, Guard, and Artillery
Captain, George F. Nafziger, USNR-Ret.

top

Line cavalry

Cuirassiers

Troopers

• Short tailed double breasted coat of white cloth closing with two rows of six buttons. High open collar in facing colour piped white. White shoulder flaps piped with facing colour on left shoulder. Facing coloured swedish cuffs, often piped white, bearing two buttons fixed horizontally on top. White turnbacks laced whith facing colour. Two white belt straps are sewn in the back. Buttons colour varying with regiments.
  In 1807, white shoulder flaps piped with facing colour on both shoulders.
  In 1812, low closed collar.
  Between 1813 and 1814, regiments are reequipped with a new single breasted coat, with same ornaments but facing coloured piping on front of coat and buttonned belt straps.
• In parade dress, white breeches and black high cuffed boots; in campaign dress, grey cloth trousers and black light boots replaced in 1812 by heavy brown-grey cloth overalls with black leather inserts, sometimes bearing facing coloured side bands, and closed by leather covered metal or wood buttons.
• In 1803, the cocked hat is replaced by a black leather helmet with copper side V struts and copper front plate stamped with russian imperial eagle. Wood comb covered with black leather and black wool caterpillar. Black leather peak with copper trim and and and black leather neck-guard and chin strap.
  In 1807, the black wool caterpillar is replaced by black horsehair crest and the leather chinstrap by a copper chainscale.
• White leatherworks, black leather cartridge pouch bearing a circular copper plate stamped with russian imperial eagle (with St George star for the Military Orders regiment). Whitened leather sabre belt and heavy cavalry sabre with brass basket hilt and brown leather scabbard with iron fittings. Brown leather sabre strap with company colour tassel and white fringes.
  In 1812, sabre with three bars sabre hilt.
• Breast or breast and back plates in black lacquered steel (polished steel for Tsarin and Pskov regiments), scarlet cloth padding.
• Facing coloured cloth saddle and holster covers with two button coloured laces, bearing imperial cypher (St George star for Tsar and Tsarin regiments) in rear end. Grey cloth portemanteau.

NCOs

Trooper's dress with button coloured rank laces on collar and cuffs. NCOs sabre strap. For the 1803 helmet, caterpillar with white tip with black/orange/black greenical band.

Officers

Others rank dress with rank epaulets and gilded or silvered ornaments. Silver silk sash with black and orange embroideries with knot on left hip. In parade dress, black leatherworks. With the helmet, thick white fur caterpillar with, for field officers, black and orange tip.

Trumpeters

Troopers dres with facing coloured swallow nets laced in button colour (often entwined with facing colour). Six button colour chevons on both sleeves and sometimes buttonholes laces across breast. Scarlet caterpillar then crest. Copper trumpet with either white entwined with facing colour or scarlet cord.

top

Dragoons

Troopers

• Short tailed double breasted coat of grass green cloth closing with two rows of six buttons. High open collar in regimental colour. Facing colour shoulder flaps on left shoulder. Facing coloured swedish cuffs bearing two buttons fixed horizontally on top. Scarlet turnbacks fixed by a single button. Two green belt straps are sewn in the back. Buttons colour varying with regiments.
  In 1807, very dark green coat with shoulder flaps on both shoulders.
  In 1812, low closed collar.
  In 1814, regiments are reequipped with a new single breasted coat, with same ornaments but facing coloured piping on front of coat and buttonned belt straps.
• In parade dress, white breeches and black high cuffed boots; in campaign dress, grey cloth trousers and black light boots.
  In 1807, white breeches are suppressed and grey trousers worn in parade dress. In campaign dress, heavy brown-grey cloth overalls with black leather inserts.
• In 1803, the cocked hat is replaced by a black leather helmet with copper side V struts and copper front plate stamped with russian imperial eagle. Wood comb covered with black leather and black wool caterpillar. Black leather peak with copper trim and and and black leather neck-guard and chin strap.
  In 1807, the black wool caterpillar is replaced by black horsehair crest and the leather chinstrap by a copper chainscale.
• White leatherworks, black leather cartridge pouch bearing a circular copper plate stamped with russian imperial eagle (with St George star for the Military Orders regiment). Whitened leather sabre belt and heavy cavalry sabre with iron basket hilt and brown leather scabbard with iron fittings. Brown leather sabre strap with company colour tassel and white fringes.
  In 1812, sabre with three bars brass hilt.
• Breast or breast and back plates in black lacquered steel (polished steel for Tsarin and Pskov regiments), scarlet cloth padding.
• Facing coloured cloth saddle cover with two button coloured laces, bearing imperial cypher in rear end. Grey cloth portemanteau.
  In 1807, green saddle cover with facing colour lace and cypher.

NCOs

Trooper's dress with button coloured rank laces on collar and cuffs. NCOs sabre strap. For the 1803 helmet, caterpillar with white tip with black/orange/black greenical band.

Officers

Others rank dress with rank epaulets and gilded or silvered ornaments. Silver silk sash with black and orange embroideries with knot on left hip. In parade dress, black leatherworks. With the helmet, thick white fur caterpillar with, for field officers, black and orange tip.

Trumpeters

Troopers dress with facing coloured swallow nets laced in button colour. Button colour laces in chevons (6) on both sleeves and in buttonholes laces across breast. Scarlet caterpillar then crest. Copper trumpet with either white cord.

top

Uhlans

Troopers

• Polish style short tailed coat (kurtka) of dark blue cloth with lapels closing to the waist. High open collar in regimental colour. Button colour fringed epaulets and aiguillettes on right shoulder. Facing colour lapels. Facing colour rounded cuffs. Dark blue turnbacks laced in facing colour. Dark blus sash with facing colour stripes. Buttons colour varying with regiments.
  In 1807, fringes of the epaulets and aiguillette are suppressed. Cuffs are changed to pointed ones.
  In 1812, low closed collar.
  
• Dark blue trousers with leather inserts with facing colour double side bands. Black light boots. In campaign dress, heavy brown-grey cloth overalls with black leather inserts.
  In 1812, leather inserts are suppressed on parade trousers.
• Czapska with low black leather crown and regimental colour cloth top. Cords in the same colour as czapska top piping. White plume over black and orange cockade. Black leather peak and chinstrap.
• White leatherworks, black leather cartridge pouch bearing a circular copper plate stamped with russian imperial eagle. Whitened leather huassar type sabre belt and hussar sabre with iron single bar hilt and scabbard. Brown leather sabre strap with company colour tassel and white fringes. Natural wood lance, with regimental pennon.
• Blue cloth saddle cover with double button colour lace, bearing imperial cypher in rear end. Grey cloth portemanteau.

NCOs

Trooper's dress with button coloured rank laces on collar and cuffs. Plume with black or black/orange tip. Cockade in black/orange quarters.

Officers

Others rank dress with rank epaulets and gilded or silvered ornaments. Silver silk sash with black and orange embroideries with knot on left hip. In parade dress, black leatherworks with gilded or silvered fittings.

Trumpeters

Troopers dress with blue swallow nets laced in button colour. Button colour laces in chevons (6) on both sleeves. Scarlet or facing colour plume.